Art & Culture

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India: New Nominations and Challenges

August 2, 2025
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Why in News

India has recently submitted nominations for three new sites to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, including ancient Buddhist monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. This comes as existing heritage sites face mounting conservation challenges due to tourism and urbanization.

Key Points

  1. India currently has 40 UNESCO World Heritage Sites (32 cultural, 7 natural, 1 mixed)
  2. New nominations include Shantiniketan, Hoysala temples, and Buddhist monasteries
  3. Heritage sites contribute significantly to India's tourism economy
  4. Climate change and urbanization pose major threats to heritage conservation
  5. ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) is the nodal agency for heritage protection

Explained

UNESCO World Heritage Sites are landmarks or areas recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as having outstanding value to humanity. India's journey with UNESCO began in 1983 when the Ajanta Caves became its first inscribed site. The inscription process involves rigorous documentation, demonstrating Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), and proving adequate protection measures. Sites must meet at least one of ten criteria, ranging from representing masterpieces of human creative genius to containing natural phenomena of exceptional beauty. India's diverse heritage reflects its rich history spanning ancient civilizations, medieval kingdoms, and colonial periods. However, maintaining these sites requires balancing conservation with development pressures. Recent challenges include pollution affecting the Taj Mahal, unregulated tourism at Hampi, and encroachment around various monuments. The economic impact is substantial - heritage tourism contributes over $28 billion annually to India's economy and supports millions of livelihoods.

MCQ Facts

Q1. How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites does India currently have?
A) 38
B) 40
C) 42
D) 45
Explanation: India currently has 40 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, consisting of 32 cultural sites, 7 natural sites, and 1 mixed site. This makes India the country with the sixth-highest number of World Heritage Sites globally, after Italy, China, Spain, Germany, and France.

Mains Question

Discuss the significance of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in preserving India's cultural heritage. Analyze the challenges faced in maintaining these sites and suggest measures to enhance their conservation while promoting sustainable tourism. (250 words)

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