Indian scientists at the Raman Research Institute in Bengaluru have made a major advance in quantum technology by developing methods to generate and certify truly random numbers using a general-purpose quantum computer. This achievement, led by physicist Urbasi Sinha, is the first of its kind ready for real-world use and could lead to unbreakable digital security systems, especially as quantum computers threaten current encryption methods.
What are Random Numbers and Why are They Crucial for Digital Security?
Basic Concept of Random Numbers: Random numbers are sequences used in encryption to create secure keys for protecting data like passwords and online transactions; pseudorandom numbers, generated by computer algorithms, seem random but can be predicted with enough computing power, while true random numbers come from unpredictable natural processes and cannot be guessed.
Role in Digital Security: In today's world, random numbers form the base of encryption systems that secure everything from bank accounts to government communications; with quantum computers emerging, which can solve complex problems quickly, pseudorandom systems become vulnerable, making true random numbers essential for hack-proof security.
Background on Security Threats: Current systems rely on algorithms like RSA, which take centuries for normal computers to crack but minutes for quantum ones; true random numbers ensure keys are unpredictable, preventing breaches in sensitive areas like defense or finance.
How Do Quantum Technologies Generate True Random Numbers?
Principle of Quantum Randomness: Quantum mechanics involves particles like photons or electrons existing in multiple states until measured, choosing a state randomly; this inherent unpredictability is used in Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) to produce sequences of 0s and 1s that are truly random.
Traditional QRNG Methods: Typically, a stream of particles is measured for properties, assigning values based on outcomes; however, devices can be biased or hacked, so certification ensures randomness comes from quantum processes, not faults.
Advanced Techniques Like Entanglement: Particles can be "entangled," where one affects the other instantly regardless of distance; measuring them tests for randomness using rules like Bell's Inequality, confirming no external influence.
What is the Specific Breakthrough by Indian Researchers?
Research Team and Method: Led by Urbasi Sinha at Raman Research Institute, the team used a general-purpose quantum computer to generate random numbers by violating Leggett-Garg inequality, which tests quantum behavior over time in a single particle, avoiding the need for physical separation.
Experimental Setup: Unlike lab-controlled environments, tests were on a commercial quantum computer with noise and disturbances, proving practicality; this modifies earlier work on spatial separation, making it compact and deployable.
Certification Process: The violation of inequalities certifies true randomness, ensuring numbers are not from device errors; this is a step beyond previous experiments, as it's the first on non-custom hardware.
What is the Significance of This Development for India and the World?
Implications for Digital Security: It paves the way for unbreakable encryption, protecting against quantum threats in areas like online banking, secure communications, and national defense; true random numbers make keys impossible to predict, even for advanced hackers.
Role in National Quantum Mission: This is the first major output from India's National Quantum Mission, launched to build quantum tech capabilities; it positions India as a leader in quantum research, joining elite nations in practical applications.
Broader Applications and Challenges: Beyond security, it aids simulations and AI; challenges include scaling to commercial products, needing more funding, but it boosts India's self-reliance in tech amid global quantum race.
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